MarkupLanguage

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A MarkupLanguage is a language used to "markup" text for further processing.

MarkupLanguage is used to "tag" pieces of text both for defining their content as well as their presentation.

Today, the most famous MarkupLanguage is XML.

But there are many more...

aft - Almost Free Text, a free form text formatting language, written in perl
awf - Henry Spencer's Amazingly Workable Formatter, written in awk
AsciiDoc - Open source text format which is user customizable and easily converted to other formats
GML - A macro package for IBM's Script/VS
GnuTexInfo - Gnu standard documentation format
IBM BookMaster - IBM mainframe text formatting system, also known as "Bookie"
LaTeX - Macros that extend and make TeX more usable.
lout - Markup language to produce documents in text, HTML, SGML, and TeX.
Markdown - Text-to-HTML conversion tool
nroff, troff, groff - Unix derived text formatting languages
Scribe - Early markup system extending RUNOFF, and influencing the development of SGML
Script - IBM markup language, also called DCF, predecessor of Bookmaster?
Skribe - Open source markup language based on Scheme
SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language
TeX - Donald Knuth's typesetting language
TJ2 - Type Justifier - Early formatter running on a DEC PDP1
Txt2Tags - Txt2tags reads a text file with minimal markup and converts to various formats

Lesser known ones include:

bbfmt BlackBeard formatter
WSFormat? (part of the WriteAndSet word processing package)
a variety of [lightweight markup languages], such as the TextFormattingRules used on this wiki.

XML-flavored ones include:

Conversion Tools: Tools for converting from one markup format to another